summary

Human beings understand the world and things around in many different ways. This difficult process called cognition involves a lot of other processes. For instance, thinking and reasoning, problem solving, language, etc.

Thinking and reasoning
Thinking and reasoning are closely related. Without one there would not be the other. Word thinking does not have a concrete, one meaning definition. People use the word "think" very loosely to cover almost any mental processes at all. However reasoning is described as a process in which people use various decision- making strategies to answer questions accurately.

Problem solving
The other important part of cognition is problem solving which forms parts of thinking. It has been defined as higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills. This process begins when faced with problem. In this way people achieve the goal, and work to overcome the obstacles.

Language
Language is a formal system of communication which involves the combination of words and symbols. It includes many rules such as grammar, phonology, semantics, syntax. While growing up children goes through few stages of language. First, babbling- using meaningless sounds. Second, telegraphic speech- words not necessary to message are left out. Last, overgeneralization- applying language rules even when it is not necessary. There are some disorders of understanding language.Receptive- difficulties understating spoken language. Other, expressive- difficulties expressing thoughts verbally.

On the whole, as mentioned before all of these processes involved in cognition and language are closely related. It is useful to know that if one is developed, others will develop automatically too.

fear

fear is a distressing emotion araised by impending pain, danger, evil, act., or by the illusion of such. Nowadays there are lots of reasons that cause fear, for example, terrorism, unfamiliar religion, school safety, child molesters and many other reasons. i think firs of all trying to avoid this unpleasant feeling we should find out as much as possible information about it.
Firstly, the reaction of out body to fear. There are many symthoms of fear that people feel, but increased heart rate, rapid breathing, tenseness or trembling of muscles, increased sweating, and dryness of the moth are the most common. Fear shows itself in a multiplicity of ways. Those who weren't loved will often sabotage their close relationships because of fear of being loved. Those who couldn't ask their parents for love will fear doing so with their parents.
Moreover, fear first appear in human infants at about 7 month of age. Young children generally have more fears than older persons and their fears are experienced more intensely. Within families studies have shown that middle children as a group experience fewer fears than older or younger. Furthermore many people are plugged by chronic and unrealistic fear, including phobias and obsessions, that cause much unnecessary distress and can severely reduce their ability to function normally in society.
Summing up, fear can hold us back from engaging in life. It ca color our view of the world in flashing red lights. Due to this there are many advices to help people suffering from fear. Some suggest turning fear into love. Some suggest facing the fear. Another prescriptions are to act counterphobically, that means doing what one fears.

queue psychology

before starting looking for information for this topic i thought only of one kind of queuing..yes, lines in supermarkets. that's why i was afraid I'll have nothing to write..but as one clever person said:as long you live as much you know:)
i found lots of new kinds of queuing.I've never thought that waiting for bus or meal in a restaurant can be called queuing too.. :/
who knew that there already are some books and theories on queuing..?i didn't. because it never bothered me, or maybe because it has become a part of my life..?anyway I'd love to share some new information i found with you, my dearest readers;)
firstly,(I'm afraid to be called a lire, but...) i found that theory of queuing was published by Agner Krarup Erlang in 1909. due to this I've made my own conclusion that he might be the first psychologist who started research in this area. moreover by 1917 he was studying the "single queue" or "combined queue" system. the "single queue" is a regular queue that we stand in every day in supermarkets(one line one server). and, in my opinion, the better kind of queues is "combined queue". this is more common in banks, post offices. it's when people stand in one queue, but there are few servers. so when you're the first at the line you can go to available server. as the author of the article I've read writes: the great advantage of a combined queue is that you get "social justice" - the first person in is the first person out.
i guess that's a good way to solve queuing problem.i think it should be solved because nowadays more and more people start to complain about queues in their daily life:'(
the second way to deal with the problem is music..it undoubtedly helps me to buy more, so why it can't help while standing in line? the way it helps is that the music usually cheers up. and as many of us know queuing can be irritating.so..music+ irritation= good mood and a flew away time. furthermore, if the person is too busy to queue he/she might be too busy to listen to the radio.so while queuing we can hear some newest songs. the same is with TV commercials and TV sets by the cashiers.
and the last but not least way to solve queuing problem is journals' stands near the cashiers. it's good because while queuing we can look through the newest magazines or even read them for free! on my opinion it's useful for salesmen too, because many of customs often buy the magazine they started reading while queuing:)
summing up, i think that every problem has a solution and it depends on the way we look at it. people should remember that nothing is as bad as sometimes they imagine. we must look at the bright side..even queuing' s. if we think it's pleasant, it'll truly be..:)